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Activity
1: Volcanic Hazards |
Branney M.J. & Kokelaar, B.P. (2002). Pyroclastic density currents
and the sedimentation of ignimbrites. Geological Society London Memoir
27, 143 pp.
Camp, V., (undated). Nevado del Ruiz (1985) http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Nevado.html
Camp, V., & Sale, J. (undated) How volcanoes work - The eruption model . http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/volcano/
Crandall, D.R. (1971). Postglacial lahars from Mount Rainier
volcano, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 677. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/PP677/osceola_mudflow.html
Grove, R. H. (1998). A recent study of El Niño patterns suggests
that the poor crop yields of 1788–1789 in Europe resulted from an
unusually strong El Niño effect between 1789 and 1793. “Global Impact
of the 1789–93 El Niño,” Nature 393, 318–319.
Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. (undated). Nevado del Ruiz: Eruptive History http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1501-02=&volpage=erupt
Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. (undated). Vesuvius. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0101-02=
Hoblitt, R.P., Miller, C.D., & Scott, W.E. Volcanic hazards
with regard to siting nuclear-power plants in the Pacific Northwest.
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-297. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Hazards/NRC_Report/nrc_hazards.html
Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology,
Observatorio Vesuviano. (undated). Summary of the eruptive history of
Mt. Vesuvius. http://www.ov.ingv.it/inglese/vesuvio/storia/storia.htm
Jones, R. (2009). Visiting Pompeii - AD 79 - Vesuvius explodes. Current Archeology. http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm
USGS Photo Glossary, Lahar. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/lahar.php
USGS (1997) Pyroclastic Flows. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/pyroclastic.html
USGS Volcanic Hazards Program. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Ruiz/30410135_071_caption.html
USGS Volcano Hazards Program. Deadly Lahars from Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/RuizLahars.html
USGS Volcano Hazards Program. Lahars and Their Effects. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/lahars.html
Volcano World. Oregon State University. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/gases/laki.html
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki
Wood, C.A. (1992). The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption,
in C. R. Harrington (Ed.), The Year Without a Summer? Canadian Museum
of Nature, Ottawa, pp. 58– 77.
Wright, T. L. & Pierson, T. C. (1992). Living with Volcanoes,
The U.S. Geological Survey’s Volcano Hazards Program. USGS Circular
1073, GPO: Washington D.C.
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Activity
2: How Volcanoes Work |
Pyroclastic Flow Video
Unzen (1991). Eirik230696. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPRoTQYXwuY
Pyroclastic Flows on Mt. Merapi Java Indonesia. Geoff Mackley. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz7WCttwXQk
This is a Pyroclastic Flow. Kristopholis Bienharzen. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbkPo0Hws0M
Lahar Video
Mt Ruapehu Volcanic Lahar. Geoff Mackley. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5x5tZAHEoRU
Mount St. Helens Lahar from March 1982 Eruption. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by Tom Casadevall.
Mailboxes Along Cowlitz River 1980. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by Lyn Topinka.
Mudline Near Toutle River Bridge Summer 1980. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by Lyn Topinka.
U.S. Geological Survey photos available at http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Lahars/images.html
Convective Eruption Column Video
NASA | Sarychev Volcano Eruption from the International Space Station. NASAexplorer. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Riauw5UTnW8
Erupcion Volcan Chaiten Chile. Sweetlauras. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WulX-WL2dQg
Semeru Volcano Eruptions. Hshdude. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eR8zxlAshE
Vertical eruption column and spreading eruption cloud from the
Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano U.S. Geological Survey Photograph
by S. Walker, August 18, 1992.
Eruption column from the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano.
U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by R. McGimsey, August 18, 1992.
Ascending eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano and its reflection
in the waters of Cook Inlet. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by J.
Warren, April 21, 1990.
Ascending eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano as viewed to the
west from the Kenai Peninsula. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by R.
Clucas, April 21, 1990.
A vigorous eruption column rising over the summit of 1,282-m (4,206
ft)-high Augustine Volcano. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by M.E.
Yount, March 31, 1986.
U.S. Geological Survey photos available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-39/album.html
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Activity
3: Monitoring Volcanoes |
Chouet, B. (1996) Long-period volcano seismicity: its sources and use in eruption forecasting, Nature, 380 (6572): 309-316.
Daag, A.S., Tubianosa, B.S., Newhall, C.G., Tuñgol, N.M., Javier, G., Dolan, M.T., Delos Reyes, P.J., et al. (1999). Monitoring Sulfur Dioxide Emission at Mount Pinatubo http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/daag1/
Francis, P. (1993). Volcanoes, a Planetary Perspective. Clarendon Press. 443 pp., New York.
Iwatsubo, E.Y., & Swanson, D.A., (1992). Methods used to monitor
deformation of the crater floor and lava dome at Mount St. Helens,
Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1966: 53-68.
Martinelli, B. (1997). Volcanic tremor and short-term prediction of eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 77: 305-311.
NASA Earth Observatory (2006). May 26, 2006 Image of the Day. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6596
Satellite Applications for Geosciences Education: Geology: Volcanoes and Satellite Monitoring http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/geology/lesson3/concepts.html
Tyson, P. (1996). Can We Predict Eruptions? NOVA Online. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vesuvius/predict.html
USGS Volcano Hazards Program. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/deformation/index.php
USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/May18/MSHThisWeek/510517/510517.htm
USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington. Yellowstone Continuous GPS Stations, 1999. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/Maps/map_yellowstone_gps99.html | |
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