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Activity 1: Volcanic Hazards


Branney M.J. & Kokelaar, B.P. (2002). Pyroclastic density currents and the sedimentation of ignimbrites. Geological Society London Memoir 27, 143 pp.

Camp, V., (undated). Nevado del Ruiz (1985) http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Nevado.html

Camp, V., & Sale, J. (undated) How volcanoes work - The eruption model . http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/volcano/

Crandall, D.R. (1971). Postglacial lahars from Mount Rainier volcano, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 677. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/PP677/osceola_mudflow.html

Grove, R. H. (1998). A recent study of El Niño patterns suggests that the poor crop yields of 1788–1789 in Europe resulted from an unusually strong El Niño effect between 1789 and 1793. “Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Niño,” Nature 393, 318–319.

Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. (undated). Nevado del Ruiz: Eruptive History http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1501-02=&volpage=erupt

Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. (undated). Vesuvius. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0101-02=

Hoblitt, R.P., Miller, C.D., & Scott, W.E. Volcanic hazards with regard to siting nuclear-power plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-297. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Hazards/NRC_Report/nrc_hazards.html

Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Observatorio Vesuviano. (undated). Summary of the eruptive history of Mt. Vesuvius. http://www.ov.ingv.it/inglese/vesuvio/storia/storia.htm

Jones, R. (2009). Visiting Pompeii - AD 79 - Vesuvius explodes. Current Archeology. http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm

USGS Photo Glossary, Lahar. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/lahar.php

USGS (1997) Pyroclastic Flows. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/pyroclastic.html

USGS Volcanic Hazards Program. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Ruiz/30410135_071_caption.html

USGS Volcano Hazards Program. Deadly Lahars from Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/RuizLahars.html

USGS Volcano Hazards Program. Lahars and Their Effects. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/lahars.html

Volcano World. Oregon State University. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/gases/laki.html

Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius

Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz

Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki

Wood, C.A. (1992). The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption, in C. R. Harrington (Ed.), The Year Without a Summer? Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, pp. 58– 77.

Wright, T. L. & Pierson, T. C. (1992). Living with Volcanoes, The U.S. Geological Survey’s Volcano Hazards Program. USGS Circular 1073, GPO: Washington D.C.

Activity 2: How Volcanoes Work


Pyroclastic Flow Video

Unzen (1991). Eirik230696. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPRoTQYXwuY

Pyroclastic Flows on Mt. Merapi Java Indonesia. Geoff Mackley. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz7WCttwXQk

This is a Pyroclastic Flow. Kristopholis Bienharzen. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbkPo0Hws0M

Lahar Video

Mt Ruapehu Volcanic Lahar. Geoff Mackley. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5x5tZAHEoRU

Mount St. Helens Lahar from March 1982 Eruption. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by Tom Casadevall.

Mailboxes Along Cowlitz River 1980. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by Lyn Topinka.

Mudline Near Toutle River Bridge Summer 1980. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by Lyn Topinka.

U.S. Geological Survey photos available at http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Lahars/images.html

Convective Eruption Column Video

NASA | Sarychev Volcano Eruption from the International Space Station. NASAexplorer. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Riauw5UTnW8

Erupcion Volcan Chaiten Chile. Sweetlauras. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WulX-WL2dQg

Semeru Volcano Eruptions. Hshdude. Video available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eR8zxlAshE

Vertical eruption column and spreading eruption cloud from the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by S. Walker, August 18, 1992.

Eruption column from the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by R. McGimsey, August 18, 1992.

Ascending eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano and its reflection in the waters of Cook Inlet. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by J. Warren, April 21, 1990.

Ascending eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano as viewed to the west from the Kenai Peninsula. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by R. Clucas, April 21, 1990.

A vigorous eruption column rising over the summit of 1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. U.S. Geological Survey Photograph by M.E. Yount, March 31, 1986.

U.S. Geological Survey photos available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-39/album.html

Activity 3: Monitoring Volcanoes


Chouet, B. (1996) Long-period volcano seismicity: its sources and use in eruption forecasting, Nature, 380 (6572): 309-316.

Daag, A.S., Tubianosa, B.S., Newhall, C.G., Tuñgol, N.M., Javier, G., Dolan, M.T., Delos Reyes, P.J., et al. (1999). Monitoring Sulfur Dioxide Emission at Mount Pinatubo http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/daag1/

Francis, P. (1993). Volcanoes, a Planetary Perspective. Clarendon Press. 443 pp., New York.

Iwatsubo, E.Y., & Swanson, D.A., (1992). Methods used to monitor deformation of the crater floor and lava dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1966: 53-68.

Martinelli, B. (1997). Volcanic tremor and short-term prediction of eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 77: 305-311.

NASA Earth Observatory (2006). May 26, 2006 Image of the Day. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6596

Satellite Applications for Geosciences Education: Geology: Volcanoes and Satellite Monitoring http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/geology/lesson3/concepts.html

Tyson, P. (1996). Can We Predict Eruptions? NOVA Online. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vesuvius/predict.html

USGS Volcano Hazards Program. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/deformation/index.php

USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/May18/MSHThisWeek/510517/510517.htm

USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington. Yellowstone Continuous GPS Stations, 1999. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/Maps/map_yellowstone_gps99.html